Simple formulas for calculating the grounding resistance of rodbed buried in non-uniform soil

Simple formulas for calculating the resistance of rodbeds of any configuration buried in homogeneous and non-uniform soils are developed. These formulas are the outcome of mathematical manipulations of the moment method, image theory, the resistance and capacitance duality concept, along with an intensive data study. A multiplication factor “F” which accounts for the mutual resistance between rods, is also developed. The calculated resistances and the multiplication factors are compared against the values computed using other numerical-based techniques and the agreement is good