Particle swarm optimization for multi-band handset antenna designs: A hybrid real-binary implementation

The hybrid real-binary particle swarm optimization (HPSO) algorithm is applied in this paper to design a dual-band handset patch antenna operating at 1.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz. The unique hybrid representation of candidate antenna designs using real and binary variables enables the optimizer to benefit from the advantages of both continuous and discrete optimization techniques. With the fitness function evaluated by a MoM-based full-wave simulator, the design is accomplished in a quite limited space with a dimension of 0.23 lambda_gtimes0.13 lambda_g at 1.8 GHz. Measurement results demonstrate that the optimal antenna has satisfactory impedance matching and radiation characteristics at desired operating frequencies.