Effects of auxiliary element gain on the performance of power minimization GPS CRPAs

Controlled reception pattern antennas (CRPAs), also referred to as adaptive or smart antennas, are an effective anti-jam measure for GPS communications. CRPAs are often employed in high interference environments so that reliable communications can be maintained at all times. Some undesirable characteristics of antennas makes it necessary to modify existing CRPAs in such a way that the auxiliary element gain is reduced when compared to the primary reference element. In most cases, the modifications present a compromise of communication performance. This is often the result of reduced auxiliary element gain of power minimization CRPAs.