Biological effects of electromagnetic fields and radiation

A large number of laboratory experiments have investigated the biological effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields and radiation. Much of this research has used rodents or other mammals, although the recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have resulted in the increasing use of cell cultures. Relatively few studies have used human volunteers. Many biological endpoints have been examined using various frequencies and a mixture of field strengths. However neither a consistent nor a coherent strategy has been adopted in this endeavour, which has resulted in an extensive and diverse literature that contains many isolated and uncorroborated observations, and where there have been few attempts to replicate important or controversial studies. Overall, very few biological effects of exposure have been established, and no adverse health effects have been confirmed with exposure to low intensity fields and radiation