Impact of temporal resolution on flow quantification by real-time 3D color Doppler echocardiography: numerical modeling and animal validation study

Real-time, 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D) is capable of quantifying flow at the LV outflow tract (LVOT). However, previous works have found significant underestimation for flow rate estimation due to finite scanning time (ST) of the color Doppler. The authors have, therefore, developed a mathematical model to correct the impact of ST on flow quantification and validated it by an animal study. Scanning time to cover the entire cross-sectional image of the LVOT was calculated as 60 ms, and the underestimation due to temporal averaging effect was predicted as 18±7%. In the animal experiment, peak flow rates were obtained by spatially integrating the velocity data front the cross-sectional color images of the LVOT. By applying a correction factor, there was an excellent agreement between reference flow rate by an electromagnetic flow meter and RT3D (Ä=-5.6 ml/s, r=0.93), which was significantly better than without correction (p<0.001). Real-time, color 3D echocardiography was capable of quantifying flow accurately by applying the mathematical correction