International telecommunication systems and networks

VSN´s (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.) international telecommunication services are described. The following services are offered: (1) telephone, (2) telex, (3) telegraph, (4) private leased services, (5) television, (6) press communications, and (7) packet data. These services are operated over the following transmission systems: geostationary (synchronous) satellites operated by Intelsat; wideband submarine telephone cables; line of sight microwave; co-axial and digital optical fibers; and HF radio. In addition to these transmission systems, international gateway switching systems are used for switching of telephone/telex lines and messages and data. These include the following: (i) analog stored program controlled (SPC) telephone switches; (ii) SPC telex switches; (iii) SPC message switches; (iv) gateway packet switches; and (v) digital telephone switches