Four-element printed monopole antenna systems for diversity and MIMO terminal devices

Four-element antenna diversity systems suitable for operation in diversity and MIMO wireless devices for single (2.4 or 5.2 GHz) and dual band operation are addressed. The antenna elements used are the Minkowski, the Inverted F and the Koch monopole. The calculated envelope cross correlation and mean effective gain of the antennas satisfy the criteria for achieving good diversity performance. The impact of the mutual coupling between the antenna elements on their radiation efficiency and mean effective gain is also addressed indicating that the type of the antennas, their placement and their electrical distance are key parameters in the design of an efficient multi element antenna system.