An Overview of Recent Advances for the TEMPER Radar Propagation Model

This paper is a survey of recent improvements and development efforts associated with the tropospheric electromagnetic parabolic equation routine (TEMPER). These improvements include hybridized, multiple-method approaches to terrain and grazing angle modeling, and a more robust impedance boundary. Ongoing development efforts include improving the representation of ocean waves as small-scale roughness, range bias estimation based on phase, two-versus three-dimensional model comparisons, and time-dependent pulse modeling.