The governance of research and innovation

As the task for research and innovation management is increasingly complicated, institutional design - according to many, is or should be both reactive and flexible. Scholars who speak of multi-level governance or network governance, emphasize on cooperation, flexibility and networks. It is argued that over the last two decades, the classical model of hierarchical and integrated government has been gradually replaced by a more horizontally structured and fragmented arrangement. Large reallocation of authority and tasks between new actors at many levels has become a trend. In this research a total of fourteen countries are analyzed in an attempt to understand institutional design for S&T governance. Our analysis covers a total of fourteen countries and aims to provide a different view of modern governmental reform and a framework for the understanding the nature and patterns of governance.