Stationary and mobile battery energy storage systems for smart grids

Renewable energy is a key technology in reducing global carbon dioxide emissions. Currently, penetration of intermittent renewable energies in most power grids is low, such that the impact of renewable energy´s intermittency on grid stability is controllable. Utility scale energy storage systems can enhance stability of power grids with increasing share of intermittent renewable energies. With the grid communication network in smart grids, mobile battery systems in battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles can also be used for energy storage and ancillary services in smart grids. This paper will review the stationary and mobile battery systems for grid voltage and frequency stability control in smart grids with increasing shares of intermittent renewable energies. An optimization algorithm on vehicle-to-grid operation will also be presented.