Fair traceable off-line electronic cash in wallets with observers

Fair tracing is an important mechanism to prevent or detect crimes in anonymous electronic cash schemes. Besides coin tracing and owner tracing, self-deanonymization mechanism was proposed by Pfitzmann and Sadeghi recently. In this paper, we present the first off-line electronic cash scheme in wallets with observers that supports coin tracing and owner tracing as well as self-deanonymization. This scheme achieves prior restraint of double-spending using wallet with observers, detection of double-spenders´ identity based on cryptographic methods in case the observer is broken and fair tracing in case crimes take place.