On balanced realization of linear quantum stochastic systems and model reduction by quasi-balanced truncation

This paper derives conditions under which co-diagonalization of the controllability and observability Gramians can be performed in a physically consistent manner for the class of linear quantum stochastic systems that are common in the fields of quantum optics and related areas like quantum nano- and optomechanical systems. Such a class is essentially a quantum analogue of classical (non-quantum) linear stochastic systems. However, unlike their classical counterparts, the laws of quantum mechanics impose nonlinear equality constraints on the system matrices of linear quantum stochastic systems, the so-called physical realizability constraints. Therefore, a meaningful model reduction procedure must yield a physically realizable reduced model satisfying these constraints. Previous work has shown that model reduction by subsystem truncation preserves physical realizability, but did not propose a method for truncating a subsystem. One candidate approach for this truncation is a quantum adaptation of the well-known balanced truncation method for classical linear time-invariant systems. It is shown in this paper that balanced realization for linear quantum stochastic systems is only possible under a strongly restrictive necessary and sufficient condition. However, the paper also derives less restrictive necessary and sufficient conditions for other realizations with simultaneously diagonal controllability and observability Gramians, and introduces the notion of a quasi-balanced realization. An example of the application of the results is provided to demonstrate quasi-balanced truncation in the linear quantum stochastic setting.