Extended two-state narrowband LMS propagation model for S-Band

In the context of the project MiLADY, a new land mobile satellite (LMS) channel model for single- and multi-satellite reception has been developed. Experimental satellite propagation data was captured from large-scale measurement campaigns, which enable comprehensive studies of LMS channel characteristics for a wide range of operational scenarios. In a U.S. measurement campaign the power levels of the Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services (SDARS) were recorded in high resolution to analyse fast- and slow fading effects in great detail. Moreover, measurements of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) were carried out to extend the model parameter databases for nearly all satellite elevation and azimuth angles as well as various multi-satellite constellations. This paper presents the architecture and parameter sets of the MiLADY model for single-satellite reception. It extends an existing two-state model, which consists of a state sequence generator (SSG) and a Loo generator. The SSG is realised with semi-Markov chains assuming a `good´ state and `bad´ state. Slow- and fast signal variations within each state are described by a Loo model, which parameters are selected randomly when entering a new state. The MiLADY model enables a versatile time series generation for different environments, different elevation angles, and different driving directions. The modelling results are compared with the measurements and are presented in terms of first order statistics.