Optical topography for higher-order brain function analysis

Summary form only given. Since Millikan developed his noninvasive spectroscopic oximeter for human study in 1942 many pioneers have worked in this field. The usable wavelength region was expanded to near-infrared, and new methods were developed for light-scattering correction by using time-resolved spectroscopy and phase-modulation spectroscopy. For human analysis, Jobsis et al. (1977) tried to apply near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to brain-oxygenation monitoring. In 1995 the authors reported the first NIRS imaging of human higher-order-brain-function, which they called optical topography. Chance also reported phased-array optical imaging of phantoms in 1996.