Applications of underwater fields

Though severely limited in range by the attenuation of seawater, underwater electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields are being utilized in a wide variety of oceanographic applications. Many present uses of underwater fields are essentially straightforward extensions of land-based applications. Other uses, however, involve techniques that may be applied only in the underwater environment. This paper will survey the various applications which make use of electrostatic and magnetostatic fields as well as the low audio frequency electromagnetic channel.