Combining text and audio-visual features in video indexing

We discuss the opportunities, state of the art, and open research issues in using multi-modal features in video indexing. Specifically, we focus on how imperfect text data obtained by automatic speech recognition (ASR) may be used to help solve challenging problems, such as story segmentation, concept detection, retrieval, and topic clustering. We review the frameworks and machine learning techniques that are used to fuse the text features with audio-visual features. Case studies showing promising performance are described, primarily in the broadcast news video domain.