Array detection of active sonar signals

A linear array of sensors is considered for detecting a signal echo from a stationary target in the presence of reverberation. The structure of the optimum (likelihood ratio) detector is compared with that of a beamformer - matched filter detector. The conditions causing an increase in the spatial noise correlation between two hydrophones are the conditions under which the optimum spatial detector performs significantly better than the beamforming detector. A study of the space-time correlation function of reverberation shows that (a) a decrease in scatterer angular spread (or a narrowing of the receiver directivity pattern) tends to increase the spatial correlation. (b) If the scatterer Doppler spread is much less than the signal carrier frequency and if the angular spread is uniform, it is still possible to get a high correlation if the inter-sensor distance is much smaller than the carrier wavelength. These conditions indicate situations where optimum techniques may be worthwhile.