Evolution and computational intelligence

For over 40 years, efforts toward artificial intelligence have largely focused on emulating humans, either in their behavior or in their neurophysiology. This approach, despite many claims of success, or success that is just “within reach”, has generally failed to produce any real evidence of machine intelligence, nor has it advanced our understanding of intelligence in general. Rather than to view humans as the premier example of intelligence, a broader and potentially more beneficial perspective approach is to view this species simply as a product of evolution, a process that generally produces organisms of increasing intellect. Recognizing the connection between evolution and intelligence makes it possible to overcome the limitations of conventional rule-based systems and neural network designs, and indeed to evolve such systems and create machine intelligence