Adaptive approach to functional electrical stimulation

The authors develop a simple, linear (in the parameters) human muscle action model for large-amplitude forearm movement to target. The inputs to the model are approximately the biceps and triceps electromyogram signal envelopes over a single movement. The model´s output gives the corresponding displacement angle of the forearm about a fixed elbow position as a function of time. Based on this model, an adaptive control algorithm is designed to adjust the stimulation pattern so that the desired movement of the paralyzed arm can be achieved