Propagation time in stochastic communication networks

Dynamical processes taking place on networks have received much attention in recent years, especially on various models of random graphs (including ldquosmall worldrdquo and rdquoscale freerdquo networks). They model a variety of phenomena, including the spread of information on the Internet; the outbreak of epidemics in a spatially structured population; passage of services or queries in a digital ecosystem network; and communication between randomly dispersed processors in an ad hoc wireless network. Typically, research has concentrated on the existence and size of a large connected component (representing, say, the size of the epidemic) in a percolation model, or uses differential equations to study the dynamics using a mean-field approximation in an infinite graph. Here we investigate the time taken for information to propagate from a single source through a finite network, as a function of the number of nodes and the network topology. We assume that time is discrete, and that nodes attempt to transmit to their neighbors in parallel, with a given probability of success. We solve this problem exactly for several specific topologies, and use a large-deviation theorem to derive general asymptotic bounds, which apply to any family of networks where the diameter grows at least logarithmically in the number of nodes. We use these bounds, for example, to show that a scale-free network has propagation time logarithmic in the number of nodes, and inversely proportional to the transmission probability.