Connection of wind turbines to power systems: Rules and regulations in Germany

The increasing amount of power generated by wind turbines in power system can cause several disturbances, such as voltage change, harmonics and flicker, during normal operation and under emergency conditions. The paper describes the limits for the disturbance emissions as defined in regulations to be applied in German power systems. Wind turbines shall contribute to voltage control by operating with leading or lagging power factor and shall be capable to limit frequency rise by reduction of generated active power, in order to avoid system breakdown and islanding in case of faults. Under normal operating conditions, wind turbines shall be capable to control the voltage and to counteract against danger of voltage collapse.