Attosecond Metrology

Attosecond metrology also exploits the sub-cycle time-dependent field of the laser to provide the shear needed to measure attosecond optical or electron pulses. Always the shear is applied to electrons because they respond easily to electric fields. Attosecond pulses can be measured in the nonlinear medium while they are being generated or they can be measured more conventionally, in a separate nonlinear medium. In this case, attosecond optical pulses transfer their amplitude and phase information to photoelectrons which are measured in their place. As in femtosecond science, measuring an ultrashort pulse and measuring an ultrafast dynamics excited by an attosecond pulse is similar. This paper describe the methods of attosecond metrology.