Output power of a coaxial-waveguide cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) amplifier with an electron-beam misalignment taken into account

Nonlinear simulation shows that the misalignment between the electron-beam axis and the waveguide axis substantially decreases the output power of a coaxial-waveguide cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) amplifier. This investigation is of importance, because, in practice, there often exists the misalignment between the electron-beam axis and the waveguide (or cavity) axis, and it has been shown by experimental and theoretical studies that this kind of misalignment has substantial influence on the performance of both the cylindrical-cavity and coaxial-cavity gyrotron oscillators.