Characterization of the extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field interactions with living tissue

Review of the empirical observations of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field effects on tissue in vivo and cells in vitro, has led us to propose that these effects occur through the action of the electric polarization forces which develop at the cell surface. Such an interaction mechanism predicts that the field effects should be time dependent response and associated with the magnitude of the induced field gradients. These predictions are investigated in two distinct experimental approaches and the results are found to be consistent with field:cell interactions occurring through polarization forces.