Improved characterization of high-impedance surfaces for better designs of low profile antennas

Low profile antenna designs using high impedance or artificial magnetic conducting ground planes composed of periodic structures have been receiving considerable research attention, but most if not all of them only use the reflection-phase of the normal incident plane wave to determine the high impedance frequency of operation. Considering the fact that the overlying antenna does not radiate toward only the normal direction, it is necessary to use numerous incident waves of different incident angles and polarizations to properly characterize the periodic structures for subsequently more appropriate antenna designs. Though in this paper the concept is built on planar corrugated surfaces [1], it can be extended to other periodic structures.