Optimal economic emission hydrothermal scheduling based on black hole theory and annual profit analysis considering FGD

An improved black-hole particle swarm optimization (IBHPSO) algorithm is proposed for solving economic emission hydrothermal scheduling (EEHS) problems minimizing fuel cost and emission simultaneously. The water transport delay between connected reservoirs and valve-point loadings are considered in the model formulation. In addition, all the constraints of multi-chain cascaded reservoirs including water discharge rate limits, water dynamic balance constraint and reservoir storage volume limits are handled without any penalty factor. The proposed IBHPSO algorithm has been carried out on a classical test system consist of four cascaded hydro plants and three thermal plants. The results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach for solving the EEHS problems. Moreover, according to related environmental policies of power enterprises in China, the calculation model of annual profit with fuel gas desulphurization (FGD) is established. And the annual profit with and without FGD is compared. Besides, an incentive mechanism is proposed to obtain proper sewage charge and proper desulphurization power price.