New structures for complex multipliers and their noise analysis

The realization and noise behavior of complex multipliers are examined. Using a systematic approach all multiplier structures which require the minimum number of three real multipliers are derived. Most of these structures are new. The two-dimensional probability density function of the complex error signal at the multiplier output is proposed for the description of the complex multiplier noise. A general approach to determine this density function is introduced and illustrated by some examples. Finally an overview of the noise properties of all structures is given. It turns out that the number of components and the noise behavior of a complex multiplier depend on the chosen realization