Hamiltonian approach to reactance optimization in ESPAR antennas

A novel approach based on the Hamiltonian dynamics is devoted for the first time to the optimization of the loaded reactances in electronically steerable passive array radiator (ESPAR) antennas. The optimum set of reactances to maximize the antenna gain is found by tracing the locus of a virtual particle behaviour on the dynamics. The algorithm and detailed simulation results are shown for a 5-element ESPAR antenna. Along with optimized reactances, directional gains of 9 dBi±0.5 dB are obtained for full 360-degree azimuthal angles. This approach is five times faster than conventional random-search techniques such as the Monte Carlo method