Informal learning in engineering education: Where we are — Where we need to go

This paper investigates the state of programmed informal learning (e.g., team competitions, internships) in engineering education, the relevant research and available assessment instruments. Our purpose is to synthesize the existing informal learning research in engineering education for the engineering community, which should subsequently lead to the development of improved programs and learning experiences for engineering students. We also draw on the research performed in science education to identify potential outcomes for engineering education, including: improved student attitudes towards engineering, development of an engineering identity, knowledge of engineering practices, and broadened participation in engineering. Last, we provide future direction for informal learning research in engineering education.