Notice of RetractionChanges of spatial structure of the urban commerce in Nanjing in the last hundred years

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.

Commerce is an important function of city. The study of urban commercial spaces is constantly on the rise along with the vigorous development of China´s urban commerce since the introduction of the reform and opening up policy in 1978. Looking into the spatial distribution of urban commercial spaces in Nanjing in 1930, 1949, 1978, 1990 and 2003, this paper recalls the evolution of the inner structure of commercial spaces in Nanjing during the last hundred years. Based on the distinct features during different times, the paper divides the development of urban commerce in Nanjing into three stages: the formation and development of modern capitalist commerce, the reformation of urban commerce under the conditions of planned economy and the booming of contemporary urban commerce. Via analyzing the features of the spatial structure of urban commerce in Nanjing at these three stages, the author sums up the pattern of development of Nanjing´s commercial spaces. Basically speaking, the commercial center constantly moves northward. The spatial form of commerce developed from high cluster during the period of Republic of China to a relative dispersal at the times of planned economy. Presently the commercial spaces take on a new form that large-scale retail businesses gather up and form the urban commercial centers at all levels while small retail shops are scattered into streets and residential areas.