Frequency stabilization using solar smoothing, leveling and time shifting in a hybrid renewablenetwork

Increasing solar power penetration onto the electrical grid can lead to excessive power and frequency variations. This paper demonstrates the use of energy storage as a solution to reduce these variations by using certain operational modes.These modes will lead to reducing the cycling of conventional power plants thus, leading to a more stable grid frequency and also minimize the mechanical stress on turbines. With an increase in ancillary resources, utilities can generate higher revenues, and reduce variations in their area control error (ACE). A nonlinear model for a lead acid battery is used to implement the operational modes. A load-frequency control model, is used model the frequency variations within the band of ±1% of grid frequency.