Notice of RetractionPreliminary research on the composition of the functional pattern of the county-level cities in Ming and Qing dynasty

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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Ming and Qing dynasty was the climax of ancient county development in China. The county-level cities across the country are numerous and widely distributed, and the natural and social environment varied in different cities. However, the construction of county-level cities in that period was restricted by the state rites as well as similar social, cultural and economic regimes. Therefore, function pattern of each county is quite similar. Over the years, research on features pattern of cities and counties in Ming and Qing dynasty has been gradually emerging and developing. But most of them focus on some typical cities or partial features of the cities, lack of logical and systematic research. The article tries to generally sort out and study various feature elements, and make preliminary research on the composition of the functional pattern of the county-level cities in Ming and Qing dynasty.