Co-evolutionary optimization of three-dimensional target evasive maneuver against a proportionally guided missile

The three-dimensional target optimal evasion problem against a proportionally guided missile is considered. The optimal evasion problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem whose payoff is the intercept time and constraint is the capture condition. The target´s control variables and the final time are parameterized for an application of direct optimization methods. The co-evolutionary augmented Lagrangian method is implemented to solve the derived constrained parameter optimization problem. A scheduled smoothing technique is introduced to avoid the chattering effect. Numerical simulations for three-dimensional engagement scenarios are conducted, and the no-escape envelopes are obtained