Dynamic impedance model of piezoelectrochemical transducer effect for a smart battery

Intelligent power management for dry cell batteries may be accomplished by external circuitry which is connected to the individual power cells. In comparison, the presented graphite circuit model, along with lead-acid battery technology facilitates the power management of wet cells in sealed packaging. This paper reiterates the piezoelectrochemical transducer (PECT) effect based on the intercalation of graphite with sulfuric acid. It introduces a first attempt at developing a dynamic circuit model which will facilitate for a wide range of smart PECT applications. The paper also addresses the usage of PECT effect device for smart battery management, which operates in sulfuric acid environment. The developed dynamic impedance circuit model of PECT effect device can be used further to understand the changes in resistance and reactance properties of PECT device with the change in the temperature, voltage, current, stages, type of graphite and the concentration of sulfuric acid of electrochemical intercalation of graphite with sulfuric acid