An efficient framework for order optimization

Since the introduction of cost-based query optimization, the performance-critical role of interesting orders has been recognized. Some algebraic operators change interesting orders (e.g. sort and select), while others exploit interesting orders (e.g. merge join). The two operations performed by any query optimizer during plan generation are 1) computing the resulting order given an input order and an algebraic operator and 2) determining the compatibility between a given input order and the required order a given algebraic operator can beneficially exploit. Since these two operations are called millions of times during plan generation, they are highly performance-critical. The third crucial parameter is the space requirement for annotating every plan node with its output order. Lately, a powerful framework for reasoning about orders has been developed, which is based on functional dependencies. Within this framework, the current state-of-the-art algorithms for implementing the above operations both have a lower bound time requirement Ω(n), where n is the number of functional dependencies involved. Further, the lower bound for the space requirement for every plan node is Ω(n). We improve these bounds by new algorithms with upper time bounds O(1). That is, our algorithms for both operations work in constant time during plan generation, after a one-time preparation step. Further, the upper bound for the space requirement for plan nodes is O(1) for our approach. Besides, our algorithm reduces the search space by detecting and ignoring irrelevant orderings. Experimental results with a full-fledged query optimizer show that our approach significantly reduces the total time needed for plan generation. As a corollary of our experiments, it follows that the time spent for order processing is a nonnegligible part of plan generation.