Development and Validation of Aggregated Models for Thermostatic Controlled Loads with Demand Response

One of the salient features of the smart grid is the wide spread use of distributed energy resources (DERs) like small wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) panels, energy storage (batteries, flywheels, etc), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and controllable end-use loads. The affect of these distributed resources on the distribution feeder and on transmission system operations needs to be understood. Due to the potentially large number of DERs that are expected to be deployed, it is impractical to use detailed models of these resources when integrated with the transmission system. This paper focuses on developing aggregated models for a population of Thermostatic Controlled Loads (TCLs) which are a class of controllable end-use loads. The developed reduced-order models are validated against simulations of thousands of detailed building models using an open source distribution simulation software (Grid LAB-D) under both steady state and dynamic conditions (thermostat setback program as a simple form of demand response).