Nonlinear cause-effect analysis for a second order system using Volterra kernels

In this paper, generalized analytical first and second Volterra kernels are developed for a nonlinear second order system as a paradigm for many dynamic systems. A step input is then employed to quantify and qualify the nonlinear response characteristics. The proposed analytical solution shows the ability of Volterra-based models to predict and understand the nonlinear system behavior beyond that attainable by linear-based models.