Analysis of the resistance of the Spread Transform against Temporal Frame Averaging attack

The Spread Transform (ST) robustness facing a Temporal Frame Averaging (TFA) is studied in this paper. Our analysis provides new insights on the effect of the TFA attack in the context of video watermarking when the ST is used. To remove the interferences and the attenuation of the watermark caused by the TFA attack, an adaptation of the Spread Transform is proposed. Our solution is based on the embedding of the watermark thanks to different orthogonal directions and by exploiting the temporal diversity of the video signal, i.e. the message is spread over several video frames. Finally, we show that the robustness and decoding performances are close to the ones before the attack.