Notice of RetractionImpacts of Seawater Intrusion on the Fluorine Content in Groundwater: A Case Study in Shandong Province, China

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

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Endemic fluorosis can be caused by the drinking water with high-fluorine content. The groundwater with high-fluorine was observed in coastal regions of Shandong province, China. In this study, two sets of ten-year monitoring data from the coastal wells were analyzed. The groundwater properties are characterized by a mixture of seawater and freshwater, resulting in increasing of Na⁺, HCO₃^-, pH, hardness, salinity and decreasing of Ca²⁺. It is found that fluorine contents in groundwater are closely associated with high Na⁺, HCO₃^-, pH, hardness, salinity and low Ca²⁺. Seawater intrusion, especially the paleo-seawater intrusion, can greatly change the groundwater fluorine-releasing conditions under the rock-water interaction and cause the high fluorine in the groundwater. Thus, the geological process, seawater intrusion should be noticed when we study the fluorosis in coastal areas.