Notice of RetractionRepair Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin on Damage in Zebrafish Embryos from UVB Irradiation

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.

Various zebrafish (Danio rerio) malformations, such as cyrtosis and short tails, were found in the juvenile stage after the embryos were exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) (72 mJ/cm²). Grape seed proanthocyandin extract (GSE) (1 mg/ml) was injected into early zebrafish gastrula to protect the embryos against UVB irradiation. The rates of mortality and abnormalities were significantly lower in GSE-treated embryos than in the control group. Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content of juvenile zebrafish were determined to evaluate the antioxidant status accurately. The results showed that the T-AOC content of early GSE-UVB treated embryos was increased and the MDA content was reduced compared to those exposed to UVB alone. The gene expression pattern in different groups were further investigated by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Caspase-3 was used as a marker for apoptosis. At 24 hpf (hour post fertilization) and 36 hpf stages, the expression of caspase-3 was enhanced after UVB irradiation and GSE injection reduced the expression of caspase-3 after UVB irradiation. These results demonstrated that GSE alleviated the amount of damage following UVB irradiation in zebrafish embryos. This provided evidence for GSE´s further application as an antioxidant.