Notice of RetractionEffects of Aluminum on Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis of Splenic Lymphocytes in Chickens Cultured In Vitro: Preliminary Study of Aluminum Immunotoxicity in Chickens

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of aluminum (Al) on intracellular calcium (Ca) homeostasis of splenic lymphocytes in chickens cultured in vitro. The lymphocytes were isolated from the spleens of one-month-old healthy Isa chickens. Different concentrations of aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) solutions were added to culture medium with splenic lymphocytes, and the final concentrations of Al³⁺ were conducted to 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 mg/ml, respectively. These splenic lymphocytes were collected separately after 24-hour cultivation. The intracellular free calcium ion concentration ([Ca²⁺]i) and the level of calmodulin (CaM) mRNA expression were measured, using the methods of fluorescence labeling of Fura-2/AM and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that with the increases in the concentrations of Al³⁺, [Ca²⁺]i increased gradually, whereas the level of CaM mRNA expression declined. It suggests that the intracellular Ca homeostasis of lymphocytes can be disturbed by AlCl₃ with immunotoxicity.