Time-of-arrival measurement for transionospheric EMP

An ionospheric-delay correction model that measures the time of arrival (TOA) of a transionospheric electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is presented. The pulse-broadening effect due to the dispersive ionosphere is incorporated into the ionospheric group-delay model to provide an improved delay correction in measurements of EMP time of arrival. The model´s predictions are compared with laboratory test results for various total electron contents. This improved model also makes it possible to evaluate the sensitivity of TOA performance to changes in the receiver hardware parameters, e.g. filter bandwidth and the threshold levels in the time-tagging process