Synchrophasor Applications of the National Electric System Operator of Spain

This paper examines a series of PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) applications devised by the National Electric System Operator of Spain (Red Electrica de Espana - REE) including calculation of the sequence impedances of power lines, fault location in mixed lines, and monitoring of the system dynamic behavior. The paper covers in detail the problems of traditional algorithms and explains the advantages of the new algorithms based on synchrophasors. Examples include actual data from the grid.