Concentric electrodes for cardiac mapping

The authors´ objectives were: (1) explore the use of printed circuit boards to produce electrodes; (2) characterize the waveforms generated by concentric electrodes; (3) determine the relative influence of factors such as geometry and electrode contact impedance on the waveform shapes; and (4) identify the optimal concentric electrode geometry for cardiac mapping. The experiments indicated that: (1) high-quality, inexpensive silver-silver chloride electrodes of any desired geometry can be easily produced using printed circuit boards; (2) the theoretical model explaining expected waveshapes is correct; (3) the effect of contact impedance variations with electrode geometry seems to be more important than geometrical factors in determining waveshapes and (4) the waveforms of the ring and pin (unipolars), and the bipolar of a concentric electrode having a similar shape.<>