Advances in active microwave frequency multipliers

Microwave frequency multipliers provide a high performance means of generating microwave and millimeter-wave signals in a wide variety of communications and radar systems. The advances in active microwave frequency multipliers due to improvements in technology and design are significant in providing increased conversion gain, efficiency and frequency output. This work overviews the applications, topologies and performance of state-of-the-art active frequency multipliers. Some new circuit techniques are identified.