Optimal PHEV charge scheduling for additional power loss ratio and charging cost minimizations

As the key technology of green energy, smart grid is allowing large amounts of electric loads plug in such as wind turbines, solar panels and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Compared to the developments of wind turbines and solar panels, the deployment of PHEVs is much behind as expected. The main barriers of PHEV deployment are the huge impacts of power distribution networks and charging cost issues for customers. This paper discusses the optimal charging schedule for PHEVs to reduce the additional power losses ratio (APLR) of PHEV and charging costs simultaneously.