Development of biotrandcusers driven by photostimulation

As the efficient force transducer, the muscle-powered microactuator driven by converting biochemical energy to mechanical force would also save energy, resources and space. This paper reports a novel engineered biotransducers using the photosensitive muscle tissue by a genetic modification, expression a light-gated ion channel, channelrhodopsin (ChR). It was demonstrated that optical signal converted into bioelectrical signal, and was able to control the muscle contraction with a given temporal pattern.