Development and operation of virtual power plant system

Nowadays a virtual power plant (VPP) represents an aggregation of distributed energy resources (DER) and may include controllable loads as well as storage devices [1]. This concept is considered as a promising technology to allocate energy and redirect power flow in the distribution network. In addition, its ICT infrastructure can be deployed to the transition of passive distribution network towards active network [2]. On the other hand it is possible to make use of the available ICT infrastructure which belongs to established smart grid functions to create VPPs. Furthermore, as shown in previous work [3], the VPP system can cope with operational problems caused by high penetration level of DER in the distribution network. However, while the virtual power plant concept is considered as a promising technology to manage large numbers of DER, the establishment of such a system might liberate several challenges to its developer. This work focuses on providing options for the development and operation of the VPP system considering major technical, regulatory and socio-economical challenges. These options are mainly based on studies and experiences which are obtained during the development of a VPP pilot by a distribution network operator in the Netherlands. The main objectives of this pilot are to develop and test the balancing and network services as well as energy trade provided by the VPP system. Based on the methodology and techniques of Systems Engineering a scalable, traceable and modular VPP system is achieved. This methodology is also found effective during the definition of needed `VPP pilot´-tests which are related to the requirements of the VPP stakeholders..