Mathematical simulation of the cardiovascular responses to lower body negative pressure up to -40 mmHg

Presents a mathematical model to simulate the human cardiovascular responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) up to -40 mmHg. The basal (initial) blood volume status, which includes the total blood volume and the initial blood volume distribution is the central determinant of the cardiovascular responses to LBNP and has not been included in previous models. Thus, the cardiovascular response to LBNP was regarded as an initial value problem in which the blood volume status and physiological parameters were regarded as initial conditions. When LBNP is applied to the model, the model tracks the blood volume status and physiological parameters from the initial steady state to the final steady state. Results from the model compared favorably with data from the LBNP literature