A general framework for blind beamforming

Most current techniques for blind beamforming can be interpreted in terms of a few basic approaches, which are reviewed in this paper. We show that a number of these approaches, specifically those that work with received signals at the carrier frequency, can be described within the general framework of classical adaptive beamforming using a reference signal. We also describe other fundamental approaches that work with demodulated received signals and do not fit within this general framework